Rise of the Gentry and The Agrarian revolution Essay

Rise of the Gentry and The Agrarian revolution - Essay Example In the Span of 300 years, majority of the population who was working in the agricultural industry dropped to only a quarter , meanwhile, the population of Britain doubled. Historically, when the population levels in the Middle Ages bubbled in such a fashion, Malthusian checks came into play. Disease and famine became the order of the day, and finally, the back of feudalism broke in England. On the other hand, France was under the oppressive control of feudalism. As I will demonstrate in later part of my research, France also experienced a Malthusian check, even though there was short sea between the two countries This essay explores the evidence on emergence of a non-feudal class, known as the gentry to Tawney , and the role it played in industrial revolution. This particular class is considered as one of the primary agents that facilitated the path for successful transition from feudalism to an economy that is equipped to embrace the industrial revolution. This research also present the evidence that this non-feudal class rose in the context of: an economic atmosphere in their favor; an opportunity to ascend that was presented primarily through the dissolution of the monasteries; decline of the aristocracy and the centralization of the monarchy; and changing religious atmosphere that became encouraging for entrepreneurship and profit maximization. This economic, religious, and political transformation was not for England alone, the entire continent experienced it. However, the gentry, a particular class was unique to England that was able to escape the cycle. 2. Who were the Gentry? In order to discuss the role of this class in Industrial Revolution, it is crucial to recognize who they were. England, the birthplace of the industrial revolution, had a unique organization of the aristocracy. Unlike the rest of the continent, primogeniture was the order of the day, and thus, title and privilege of nobility and an intact estate were awarded only to the eldest son. Whilst rest of the offspring were considered commoners3.Another distinguishing feature was that English nobility did not rule entire regions or districts, rather their estates were dispersed across the British Isle’. These features proved to be the driving factors that enabled a non-feudal class to emerge. The aforementioned class was also known as the Peerage, and had the right to sit in the House of the Lords. In contrast, the gentry dominated the House of Commons. The gentry was a distinguished group of people with high social standing4 in English society, ranked right below the nobility, and above comm on people. Economically, this class drew their finances from several arenas including, but not limited to: rents of their farms, town property, investments, and working in law5. Primarily, the major difference between the Peerage and the Gentry was a legal distinction6. The discussion over gentry's role in Britain's development has been extensive, much of the disagreement about their role stems from the absence of a standard classification of gentry7. Trevor-Roper argues, to distinguish between Peerage and Gentry was mere conjecture, rather the differences between the two were minimal since the era was an aristocratic one. The groups were homogenous, and identified by similar lifestyles, interests and values8. Gentry had a greater possession of

Comparison Between Ethnically Correct Dolls And Process of Ethnicity Essay

Comparison Between Ethnically Correct Dolls And Process of Ethnicity in England - Essay Example This essay declares that Ethnically Correct Dolls: Toying with the Race Industry is the main article in this report. In it, Elizabeth Chin examines issues of racism from a children’s perspective. The Boundaries of Race: Processes of Ethnicity in England are the comparison article in this essay. In it, Sandra Wallman explores issues of social differentiation in urban England. She tries to expound on racism and ethnicity in relation to the English culture. This paper makes a conclusion that both articles are similar in various ways. A minor similarity can be observed in the structure of the headings. Both of them are composed of a main and a minor heading, which are separated by semicolons. The main headings both radiate the main topic covered in the articles, which is racism. The rest of the headings then illustrate the concerns of the articles. The two articles also have some differences: the first concerns the methodology in which information was obtained to write essays. In Ethnically Correct Dolls: Toying with the Race Industry, the author uses interviewing as the main mode of obtaining information, whereas referencing of other material is used for the same purpose in The Boundaries of Race: Processes of Ethnicity in England. Elizabeth Chin personally visited her subjects at their home and obtained most of the information used to write the article firsthand. She interviewed the African American girls, Asia and Natalia while she co uld still observe their physical reactions and the dolls they possessed on a firsthand basis.

Quality Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quality Management - Research Paper Example These patterns have been caused by migration of students from one country to the other and from one community to the other, which calls for concern from administrators and educationists (Sharma, 2012). Texas A&M University-Commerce is one of the institutions that have been equipped to prepare the students for an interconnected world. This implies that the interconnectedness of the world is the main concern of the university as it intends to prepare the students to be able to cope with the highly competitive world (Babo & Azevedo, 2012). The institution accomplishes this through focus on better global competence. To ensure that the institution’s objectives are accomplished an initiative has been established on this effect and is known as the Quality Enhancement Plan or QEP. This is one of the most used quality management tool that ensure that the institution is well prepared to equip the students with the most appropriate education so that they can be prepared for the modern job world (Texas A&M University-Commerce, n.db). This includes application of the most up to date facilities, which deliver both traditional and non-traditional learning opportunities. These ensure that the students meet the high expectations of both the job market and the institution’s goals. The mission of Texas A&M University-Commerce is â€Å"to discover and disseminate knowledge for leadership and service in an interconnected and dynamic world† (Texas A&M University-Commerce, n.da). The institution intends to meet the mission through nurturing partnerships for the social, intellectual, economic, and cultural vitality of the region of Texas as well as beyond. The mission is one of the indicators of their commitment in meeting their strategies. The QEP brings international structures as well as process that seek to enhance and improve the global competence of students by application of two other programs that include the Global Fellow Program and the

The Significance of the Bible for Christian Theology Essay

The Significance of the Bible for Christian Theology - Essay Example There are several approaches to the authority of the Scripture, with most of them being inadequate. One theory states that every word in the Scripture is inspired by God. That is a very rigid view that leads to many mistakes and claims of Scripture being inerrant at all instances. This doctrine of the authority of Scripture receives much criticism in this modern day and ultimately turns Scripture’s authority into authoritarianism. Another approach to the Bible as to the historical source also proves to be faulty as, alongside with the benefits it yields; it also diverts the attention to factuality and separates the literary form from the meaning of the text. There is also an approach to the Bible as a literary classic. It might be beneficial to have this approach to introduce Bible to otherwise ignorant group of students, but it hardly generates deep interest in it or, what more, introduces spiritual principle to abide by. Approach to the Bible as to a private devotional text helps to have a personal application of the Scripture, but it tends to put less emphasis on the common and universal. Other theological approach to the Bible is studying it from a viewpoint of it being the â€Å"Word of God†, which also puts certain limitation. God does not have limitations, but the language always has some limitations of expression. Also, language evolves with time and words’ meaning change too, thus proving that language itself cannot be attributed to God, Who is infinite and full of possibilities. (Schneider, 1991, p. 205). Approaching the Word of God only as metaphoric expression, although it is a root and a complex metaphor, includes many meanings such as God’s symbolic self-disclosure, sharing of life and His divine self-giving (Schneider, 1991, p. 216). God has to use symbols for the metaphor. Sneider argues that even from the very ancient times God used â€Å"symbolic self-disclosure† through nature. For Israelites God’s Word became a mean of communication between them and God, and â€Å"made a highly original advance in symbolic interpret ation† by understanding â€Å"their own history as the story of the relationship between themselves and God† (Schneider, 1991, p. 215). They viewed Jesus â€Å"as full and divine revelation of God† (Schneider, 1991, p. 216). From the point of view of God’s Word being metaphoric, the Bible is a symbolic witness of the divine self-gift, and is potentially revelatory. When referring to the Word of God, the reference is usually made to the written word in the Bible, which is understood as the physical object (the book) as well as the text and the message contained therein. The Bible is considered a sacramental object, which at times, leads to distortions such as a temptation to view such objects as magic, taking it out of context or a temptation is to create an idol out it. In actuality, the Word of God is only sacramental when the biblical text is read and interpreted, and that creates the possibility of revelation (Schneider, 1991, p. 220). The Scripture is the unique and sacred book. Another author argues that Gospels tell us about nature of Scripture’s authority and means by which God exerts it, which is the word. The authority of the Scripture therefore equals to the authority of God himself. Its function is didactic - to give the knowledge about God and to lead readers and those who will

CYB Week 2 Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CYB Week 2 Discussion - Assignment Example A ping sweep is a diagnostic method used to determine what range of Internet Protocol addresses that are in use by live hosts, usually computers. It is usually used to indicate where active computers are on a network and is sometimes used by the system administrator for identifying a network issue. Ping sweeps are also utilized by computer attackers to see which machines are active so they know where to focus their attacks (Kizza, 2005). A packet sniffer is a program that sees all of the data passing over the network of which the computer is connected to. As data creeks back and forth on the network, the program "sniffs," each packet. A packet is a section of the message that has been broken up. Example Port scanning is defined as the technique of systematically skimming a computers ports, a port is where information gets into and out of a computer, and port scanning identifies open ports to a computer. For instance, TCP Null, TCP Xmas, TCP FIN, TCP SYN, and UDP port

Entering in to a Credit Agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Entering in to a Credit Agreement - Essay Example Rest of the amount is paid in small monthly installments. In his scheme of thing, the good sold belongs to the shop until and unless complete money i.e. last installment is not paid to the shop. This was used to be called Hire Purchase agreements but is now called an Installment Sales Agreement. Before entering an agreement for a credit, a person must be fully aware of terms and conditions of the credit. There are certain requirements that need to be complied with while entering an agreement to protect consumer's interest. The Consumer Credit Act 1974 and subsequent amendments lay down certain well defined requirements for a consumer's protection. If these requirements are not met the agreements will be considered as not enforceable without a court order. Various Consumer Credit Acts provide number of rights to the consumers to settle the agreement at any time by giving notice in writing and paying off the amounts owed under the Agreement. A person entering consumer credit or consumer hire agreement should carefully go through the agreement forms and content of document accompanying the agreement. Section 60(1) of CCA requires a credit agreement document to aware debtor or hirer clearly about following: Consumer credit or consumer hire agreement document in the prescribed form, containing all the prescribed terms of the agreement and conforming to regulations under section 60(1), is not signed in the prescribed manner by the debtor or hirer and by or on behalf of the creditor or owner The document does not include all the terms of the agreement, other than implied terms The document is, when presented or sent to the debtor or hirer for signature, in such a state that all its terms are readily legible. Contents of a Credit Agreement According to Credit Agreement Act, debtor or buyer and hirer or seller both arties must sign a written agreement including all terms and conditions. A credit agreement document must include following details: Names and addresses of both the buyer and seller A complete and clear description of the goods The cash price and the other charges (finance charges, insurance and so on) that make up the total price the buyer must pay The deposit that must be paid. No credit agreement is legal until the deposit is paid. The amount of each installment, including the last installment, and the day of the week or month by which it must be paid. All other terms and riders like who will the owner of goods until all the installments or full cost of the good is paid, at what conditions the purchaser can make prepayments or what will be the result if full installments are not paid. Terms and conditions if a seller has sold defective goods or it break down without any fault from purchaser side. Canceling an Agreement There are cases when a

Effect of cashless police in nigeria Essay Example for Free

Effect of cashless police in nigeria Essay Vol. 1 (2), pp. 040-043, April 2013. Research Article Impact of Cashless Economy in Nigeria *Omotunde Muyiwa1, Sunday Tunmibi,1 and John-Dewole A.T.2 1 School of Computer Science, Mathematics and Information Technology, Houdegbe North American University, Republic of Benin. 2 Department of Computer Science with Electronics, Faculty of Information Technology and Applied Sciences Lead City University, Ibadan. Nigeria. *Corresponding Author’s email: [emailprotected] ABSTRACT This paper studied the impact of cashless policy in Nigeria. The policy was introduced by Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in December 2011 and was kick-started in Lagos in January 2012. Survey research was adopted with questionnaire as data collection instrument. Responses from the respondents show that cashless policy will increase employment; reduce cash related robbery thereby reducing risk of carrying cash; cashless policy will also reduce cash related corruption and attract more foreign investors to the country. The study, therefore, shows that the introduction of cashless economy in Nigeria can be seen as a step in the right direction. It is  expected that its impact will be felt in modernization of Nigeria payment system, reduction in the cost of banking services, reduction in high security and safety risks and also curb banking related corruptions. Keywords: Cashless economy, Cashless policy, Lagos State, Nigeria. INTRODUCTION Cashless economy is an economy where transaction can be done without necessarily carrying physical cash as a means of exchange of transaction but rather with the use of credit or debit card payment for goods and services. The cashless economy policy initiative of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is a move to improve the financial terrain but in the long run sustainability of the policy will be a function of endorsement and compliance by end-users (Ejiro, 2012). The CBN cash policy stipulates a daily cumulative limit of N150, 000 and N1, 000,000 on free cash withdrawals and lodgments by individual and corporate customers respectively in the Lagos State with effect from March 30, 2012. Individuals and corporate organizations that make cash transactions above the limits will be charged a service fee for amounts above the cumulative limits. Furthermore, 3rd party cheques above N150, 000 shall not be eligible for encashment over the counter with effect from January 1, 2012. Value for such cheques shall be received through the clearing house. All Nigerian banks were expected to cease cash in transit lodgment services rendered to merchant-customers from January 1, 2012. The policy through the advanced use of information technology facilitates fund transfer, thereby reducing time wasted in Bank(s). Wizzit, a fast growing mobile banking company in South Africa has over three hundred thousand customers across South Africa. Likewise, M-PESA was introduced in Kenya as a small value electronic system that is accessible from ordinary mobile phones. It has experienced exceptional growth since its introduction by mobile phone operator (Safaricom) in Kenya in March, 2007 and has already been adopted by nine million customers, which is about 40% of Kenya’s adult population. Wizzit and other mobile financial services including MPESA in Kenya are helping low income Africans make financial transaction across long  distance with their cellphones, thereby reducing their travel cost and eliminating the risks of carrying cash and also avoiding most banking charges (Akintaro, 2012). It is assumed that the proper implementation of mobile phones and other technologies can aid the implementation of cashless policy and hence, the growth of cashless economy in Nigeria. The introduction of the implementation of cashless policy (policy is program of actions adopted by government) began in Lagos State, Nigeria. Why Lagos? According to Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN, 2011) Lagos state accounted for 85% of POS and 66% of cheques transaction in Nigeria. Cashless economy aims at reducing the amount of physical cash circulating in the Nigeria economy and thereby encouraging more electronic–based transaction. According to Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN, 2011) the policy is expected to reduce cost incurred in maintaining cash-based economy by 90% upon its full implementation in Nigeria. This study aims to look at the impact of cashless economy in Nigeria. www.gjournals.org 40 Greener Journal of Internet, Information and Communication Systems Vol. 1 (2), pp. 040-043, April 2013. 2. BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW Cashless economy is not the complete absence of cash, it is an economic setting in which goods and services are bought and paid for through electronic media. According to Woodford (2003), Cashless economy is defined as one in which there are assumed to be no transactions frictions that can be reduced through the use of money balances, and that accordingly provide a reason for holding such balances even when they earn rate of return. In a cashless economy, how much cash in your wallet is practically irrelevant. You can pay for your purchases by any one of a plethora of credit cards or bank transfer (Roth, 2010). (2004) observed that developed countries of the world, to a large extent, are moving away from paper payment instruments toward electronic ones, especially payment cards. Some aspects of the functioning of the cashless economy are enhanced by e-finance, e-money, e-brokering and e-exchanges. These all refer to how transactions and payments are effected in a cashless economy (Moses-Ashike, 2011). Marco and Bandiera (2004) argue that increased usage of cashless banking instruments strengthens monetary policy effectiveness and that the current level of e-money usage does not pose a threat to the stability of the financial system. However, it does conclude that central banks can lose control over monetary policy if the government does not run a responsible fiscal policy. Echekoba and Ezu (2012), in a research carried out in Nigeria, observed that 68.2% of the respondent complained about long queues in the bank, 28.9% complained of bad attitude of teller officers (cashiers) while 2.89% complained of long distance of bank locations to their home or work places. Likewise, in her 24th NCS national conference in December 2011, CBN data shows that 51% of withdrawal done in Nigeria was through automated teller machine (ATM), while 33.6% was through over the counter (OTC) cash withdrawals and 13.6% through Cheques. Payment was also done through point of sales machine (POS) which accounted for 0.5% and web 1.3%. Therefore, if the introduction of ATM in Nigeria cash withdrawals system reduced OTC withdrawal; then it will implies that introduction of cashless policy supported by application of information technology can achieve more to reduce over dependent on cash payment in Nigeria economy system. However, Akhalumeh and Ohioka (2011) observed some challenges with the introduction of cashless policy. Their findings show that 34.0% of the respondents cited problem of internet fraud, 15.5% cited problem of limited POS/ATM, 19.6% cited problem of illiteracy and 30.9% stayed neutral the respondent not been sure of problem been expected or experienced. While in some quarters there was fear of unemployment, some believe it will create more jobs especially when companies manufacturing POS machine are cited in Nigeria. More so, data sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria portal shows that Lagos state, with a population of 17 million people, only has sixty one  Point Of Sales, twenty bank branches and twenty four ATMs per 100,000 people which are far less to satisfy the needs of the population. These data verify the claim of Echekoba and Ezu (2012) on the problem of cash based economy and cashless policy in Nigeria. For effective cashless implementation in Nigeria availability of suffi cient and well-functioning infrastructure (notably electricity), harmonization of fiscal and monetary policy, regular assessment of the performance of cashless banking channels, consideration of the present state and structure of the economy, redesign of monetary policy framework and greater efforts towards economic growth whilst managing inflation should be considered (Odior and Banuso, 2012). 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This study was carried out, using accidental sampling method, in Lagos state, Nigeria. A total of 500 traders, students and civil servants were sampled. Questionnaire was used as data collection instrument, with questions on demographics and benefits of cashless economy in Nigeria. The major statistical technique used was descriptive (use of frequency tables and charts). 4. RESULT 4.1 Demographics responses on gender show that male respondents accounted for 55.6% while the female respondents are 44.4%. Figure 1 and Figure 2 presents the responses on age and occupation, respectively. For age, majority of the respondents are between 18 to 25 years, this is followed by those between 26 to 40 years while the least number are between 41 to 60 years. For occupation of the respondents, the highest percentage (44.4%) is traders, followed by students (33.3%) and civil servants (22.2%). www.gjournals.org 41 Vol. 1 (2), pp. 040-043, April 2013. Greener Journal of Internet, Information and Communication Systems 41-60 years 22% 18-25 years 45% 26-40 years 33% Figure 1: Age of Respondents 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Traders Students Civil servants Figure 2: Occupation of Respondents 4.2 Benefits Table 1 shows the view of respondents on benefits of cashless economy in Nigeria. The lowest percentage, 11.1% of the respondents, believed that cashless policy will increase employment. A higher percentage, 22.2% of the respondents, believed that cashless policy in Nigeria will reduce cash  related robbery thereby reducing risk of carrying cash. The highest percentage of the respondents believed that cashless policy will reduce cash related corruption (33.3%) and cashless policy will attract more foreign investors to the country (33.3%). Table 1: Benefits of Cashless Economy in Nigeria Benefits of Cashless Economy Increase employment Reduce cash related robbery Reduce cash related corruption Attract more foreign investment Total Percentage (%) 11.1% 22.2% 33.3% 33.3% 100% www.gjournals.org 42 Greener Journal of Internet, Information and Communication Systems Vol. 1 (2), pp. 040-043, April 2013. 5. CONCLUSION The study, impact of cashless economy in Nigeria, focused on the three major categories by which Nigerians can be divided – traders, students and civil servants. More number of traders was sampled, compared to students and civil servants, because they are more into business and financial transactions. More so, a higher number of respondents within the age bracket of 18 and 25 years show that apart from students, quite a number of Nigerian youth are  also into trade. This study shows that the introduction of cashless economy in Nigeria can be seen as a step in the right direction. It is expected that its impact will be felt in modernization of Nigeria payment system, reduction in the cost of banking services as well as reduction in high security and safety risks. This should also include curbing banking related corruptions and fostering transparency. It is also assumed that the introduction of cashless policy in Nigeria will help to reduce the amount of bills and notes circulating in the economy. This should, therefore, reduce handling operation cost incurred on conventional money, as well as reduction in cash related crimes. It should also help to provide easy access to banking services for Nigerians. REFERENCES Akhalumeh, P.B., and Ohiokha, F. (2011): Nigeria’s Cashless Economy; The Imperatives. International Journal of Management Business Studies. vol.2 pp. 12 – 17. Akintaro, S. (2012): Going Cashless. IT Telecom digest, online magazine, august,2012 CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA (2011): Towards a Cashless Nigeria: Tools Strategies. Nigerian Journal of Economy. 3(2), 344 – 350. Echekoba, F.N., and Ezu, G.K. (2012): Electronic Retail Payment Systems: User Acceptability Payment Problems in Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Business Management Review. vol.5, pp. 60 – 63. Ejiro, O. (2012): What Nigerians Think of the Cashless Economy Policy. Nigerian Journal of Economy. 4(6), 97 – 102. Humphrey, D. B. (2004): ―Replacement of cash by cards in U.S. Consumer Payments, Journal of Economics and Business, 56, 211–225. Marco, A. and L. Bandiera (2004): -Monetary Policy, Monetary Areas and Financial Development with Electronic Money, IMF Working Study, IMF. Moses-Ashike, H. (2011),â€Å"Cashless Economic can Reduce Risk of Carrying Huge Cash†, [Online] Available: http://www.businessdayonline.com/†¦/22217. Odior, E.S., and Banuso, F.B. (2012): Cashless Banking in Nigeria: Challenges, Benefits Policy Implications. European Scientific Journal. Vol 8, pp. 12 – 16. Roth, B. L. (2010). â€Å"The Future of Money: The Cashless Economy – Part 1†. [Online] Available: https://www.x.com//future-money-cashless-economy—part-i. Woodford M. (2003). â€Å"Interest Price: Foundation of a Theory of Monetary Policy†, Princeton University Press. www.gjournals.org 43