Student Summer Jobs

Student Summer Jobs Student Summer Jobs Home›Tips for Students›Student Summer Jobs Tips for StudentsThis year’s summer job period has already begun, QualityCustomEssays.com announces, so it is high time for those students who want to earn some money this summer to start a job search. Despite the fact that this year is going to be tough for student job seekers, there are employers that depend on enthusiastic, affordable and energetic help teenagers provide. The most important thing is to be on time, persistent and prepared when searching a summer job.Start Your Job Search EarlyThe end of a school year may be too late to start your summer job search. Such seasonal employers like amusement parks and camps are already organizing job fairs and posting summer openings. Go to your school career center and guidance office, visit corresponding company sites and job posting sites (such as coolworks.com and others) to look for your summer job.  Rewarding PersistenceNowadays job seekers apply up to 20 places before finding a job, but it is not time to give up. Keep on applying. Remember that every application you fill out gives you better chances to find a job. Every interview is your experience and you will only benefit from it.  Be Prepared for a Job SearchOne more key to success is to be prepared. It is essential for a job seeker to have an appropriate cover letter and a resume. Moreover, it is rather important for a teenager to have the right credentials to prove the employer that the student is worth hiring over a more experienced worker. It reveals that the student treats the position seriously and is mature and responsible enough to cope with new responsibilities.QualityCustomEssays.com wishes you a prolific summer and is always ready to help you in your study process.

A Legal And Ethical Dilemma - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1648 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Shady Brook skilled nursing facility is facing a legal and ethical dilemma with the care of their patient Mary Evelyn Greene. Mrs. Greene is 89 years old and suffers from the onset of mild dementia as well as other declining health issues related to aging. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Legal And Ethical Dilemma" essay for you Create order Although she became depressed over losing her independence and home upon being admitted to this facility, she seems to be pleased with her overall stay here up until her son, David, visits her. David acts as the power of attorney for his mother and deals with her personal affairs. Caring for his mother has become a major responsibility and quite difficult to deal with on his own. As of late, tending to his mother has begun to interfere with his work life. The nursing staff have become aware of his inimical attitude towards his mother and his thinning patience when visiting. Theyve documented that she seems happier in his absence and agitated in his presence. Mrs. Greene has become too weak to eat on her own and often leaves much of her food on the tray. A CNA that she has grown fond of, Susan Brown, steps into sit with her and feed her when she is able to. Even though her desire to eat has declined and she has gradually lost her appetite, Mrs. Greene has never expressed to the medical staff at Shady Brook that she would like her food to be withheld or that she wished to die. In fact, she seems to still enjoy the smell of certain foods even when she has no appetite, and also responds positively to volunteers who carry out activities at Shady Brook. Therefore, her sons request to respect his mothers wishes of allowing her to die a quick death by not eating, came to the nursing staff as a surprise. Mrs. Greene has not exhibited any suicidal behaviors or expressed suicidal thoughts, which is why the nursing home administrator, Betty Wright, is concerned with whether she should trust his decision and motives. This becomes a legal and ethical dilemma as the ethics committee must examine the patients rights, the states laws related to assisted suicide, the patients mental capacity, their best interest and stay within the legal realm of their facilitys operations. With the threat of a lawsuit coming from Mrs. Greenes son, the ethics committee must make a decision that not only reflects the best interest of Mrs. Greene but also protects their organization legally. Mrs. Greenes rapidly declining health and weight loss should have alerted the nursing staff that there was a need for reevaluation of her plan of care. A weight loss of more than 5 pounds a week should have triggered the immediate attention of her healthcare providers. It is the job of skilled nursing facilities to ensure that the quality of life for each client is maximized and to prevent their decline in ability to perform activities of daily living. While it was appropriate to monitor and document her food intake and reactions to certain foods, it is ineffective to record data without seeking ways to improve the issue. Once it was realized that Mrs. Greene no longer possessed the ability to feed herself, someone should have been assigned the task of feeding her or her family/power of attorney should have been notified that the facility was unable to provide this service for her care so that they could assess other options. Even if it meant that the sitter hired by David scheduled her hours around feeding times to assist. There are a few legal dilemmas for Shady Brook in this case. To start, Mrs. Greenes son, who is also her power of attorney, is requesting that the facility withhold food from his mother. However, doing so would be illegal as it is equivalent to assisting in murder. By law and buy contract the nursing home is required to provide Mrs. Greene with care that aligns with best care practices and avoid negligence in duty to their client. It is also difficult to determine her legitimate wishes as she suffers from dementia induced memory impairment. Therefore, her wishes/decisions for her own care could change from moment to moment. This makes it illegal to pursue the wishes that her son claims she had as we are unaware of what her mental state may have been, especially due to the agitated state that David evokes from her. On these legal basis, not even the power of attorney is able to instruct the facility to incriminate themselves. A large portion of the ethical dilemma for Shady Brook in this case lies in the sons wish to enable the death of a relatively healthy person. While his mother may not be in the best health condition, she is far from being in a vegetative state and is still full of life. The only time that the nursing staff has experienced her in an agitated state is during and after visits with her son. Ethically, the facility feels the need to alleviate any suffering that their client feels, even if she wishes to die, which in this case they are unsure of due to her dementia. They do not wish to play along and assist Mrs. Greene in a quick death and are unsure of the motives surrounding his threats of a lawsuit. They must also be careful not to allow this threat to prevent them from doing what is right. This situation has progressed beyond the point of suggesting that Mrs. Greene be moved to a different facility because they realize that this is not in her best interest and would not aid her in anyw ay. Lawfully, the patient does not have a right to die and therefore David does not have a case. Because Mrs. Greene is not in a vegetative state, withholding proper nutrition and encouraging death would be illegal. The ethics committee should continue to serve Mrs. Greene meals and provide a staff member to feed her. The previously documented reactions that she had to certain meals should be assessed to see which ones she reacted positively to. These meals should be the ones that are prepared for her to eat. Because Mrs. Greene has already loss a large amount of her body weight due to malnutrition, the ethics committee should also consider tube feedings to ensure that she is getting the proper amounts of nutrients daily and to prevent/reverse dehydration and malnutrition, especially if she has lost her appetite or has no desire to eat. It May even become necessary to solicit a nutritionist to be heavily involved in Mrs. Greenes plan of care. Many dementia patients suffer from dysphagia. If the foods are difficult for Mrs. Greene to swallow, then the nutritionist may be able to recommend foods that are easier for her to eat. They may also be able to suggest foods that have high nutritional value and aide in treating depression holistically. By serving Mrs. Greene foods that she enjoys the smell of, it may increase her desire to eat even if she lacks an appetite. In doing so, Shady Brook would be fulfilling their legal obligation to care for their patient by making provisions to provide personalized plans of care. Mrs. Greene would also benefit by being served foods that bring her joy and increase her desire to indulge. This has the potential to boost her mood as well as her weight. Both consequences work in her favor. On the other hand, providing her with a tube feeding would protect Shady Brook from negligence but increases liabilities as tube feedings have much more room for error. Mrs. Greene must also be assessed to ensure that her body will be able to properly process the feedings and use the nutrients. If not, the supplement will do more harm than good as it sits in her stomach. If she is eligible for such feedings, Mrs. Greene may welcome the idea. It would prevent her from having to deal with the frustrations associated with meal and feeding times. It would also improve her nutritional health state. By involving a nutritionist in Mrs. Greenes plan of care Shady Brook is ensuring that she receives the best nutrition plan possible for her individual condition. This protects their organization and benefits the overall well-being of their client, Mrs. Greene. Essentially, if it is Mrs. Greenes wish to die by not eating then she can. Although Shady Brooks is required to serve her a meal, she has the right to refuse to eat it, but the meal must be served regardless. She also has the right to refuse feeding assistance. These instances of refusal should be documented in the event that negligence is suspected. Because of Mrs. Greenes mental state her power of attorney, David, may need to be consulted as well. I would recommend that the ethics committee continue to serve Mrs. Greene meals, preferably those in which she has reacted positively to previously. I would also recommend that they assign someone to sit with her and assist during feedings. When available, this person should be Susan Brown since she has taken such a liking to her. Her appetite seems to improve when Susan assists her as well. This relationship and attention to detail in her care has potential to improve her overall condition. The additional attention could aid in her depression as well, as she seems to enjoy it and thrive from it. The ethics committee should take into consideration Bettys comment that David needs the money to educate his children. Being that he seems to be the sole heir to his parents estate it appears suspicious that he is so adamant about allowing her death. Although he has presented it as his mothers own wishes, it very well could be his own, especially considering that no nursing staff previously reported suicidal behaviors or statements from Mrs. Greene.

Top Writing a Thesis Paper Website Tips!

Top Writing a Thesis Paper Website Tips! It is wise to look for the one which has an excellent reputation and offers high-quality papers at inexpensive rates. As a consequence, university professors have a tendency to offer great marks after receiving an amended file. So, as soon as a student makes the decision to purchase a thesis online, we do advise he or she makes proper inquiry prior to making any financial decisions about buying a thesis online. So, locate a training provider. You post a personalized essay request on our auction-style website. Cause and Effect essays are mere tools to check whether someone can actually support a specific claim. Also on our site you may discover prepered essays which are for sale. Compare writing paper site! The Writing a Thesis Paper Website Game Writing a research paper is a significant skill you should learn. The fundamental guideline will allow you to understand ways to add the APA style in your paper. Learning how to compose a good, well-researched paper is vital to your success for a student and as a possible future academic professional. Tips on the best way to compose a paper. What You Need to Do About Writing a Thesis Paper Website Before You Miss Your Chance All text has to be justified with a 1 inch margin all over the paper. It's nearly impossible to compose a great paper without a superior introduction. The truth is, thesis is surely an essential part of any training old fashioned paper. The introductory device that is suitable for you as well as your paper will depend in large part on the subject of your paper. You've completed some work you would love to publish, and that means you sit down to compose a paper. In reality, cleaning up the 3 important pieces of an essay or a term paper could possibly be absolutely the most difficult undertaking of all. Though, there are not any hard and fast rules on how best to compose an academic paper, by following a number of precise methods, information and mindset, you can gather an uncomplicated, dependable technique of producing quality academic papers with at least hassle and pressure. There's no one to properly guide them on how best to write research paper examples, and this also contributes to frustration. Frankly, all the above is not sufficient to earn good PhD thesis topics. Students have plenty of essays and research papers to write, so there's nothing unusual in the simple fact that professional writers mostly. Essays are a rather integral portion of any academic course and there are lots of essays a student writes in his academic car eer. It's possible to simply order a same-day essay on the website. Hypothetical writing enables the writers to find the scholarships for the superior degree of studies whereas the circumstance isn't similar if extended essay is considered. When it has to do with writing essays, there's not just one or two approach to write them. The most essential part of any introduction is the thesis statement, as it can help you structure your entire paper. If you should have noticed that the all-inclusive definition of both the types of writing, thesis vs. protracted essay is comparable. While there are numerous companies, who claim to offer excellent help with research assignments, it's rare to locate an expert research paper writing service. Nevertheless, the secret to a prosperous research paper is organization. You may tell an agency is unprofessional if they don't respond on a timely way. It's possible a competent and professional writer will have lots of papers and proposals in their portfolio. If it comes to being objective, the author has to be able to describe what they're seeing in such a way in which the reader can form a very clear picture in their mind. See the method by which the author chooses the principal points to write in brief of the entire thing. To put it other words, you should continue to keep a reader's attention from the very first word until the previous period. Once having found out the subject, a reader should have the ability to imagine what you will chat about.

The nineteenth century in the US Free Essays

The nineteenth century in the US had an unmistakable theme, immigration. Over 20 million immigrants, mostly European, came to the United States between 1820 and 1900. They came for a variety of reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on The nineteenth century in the US or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most came because the economies of many European countries were in crisis and workers had a very hard time finding work. As well, some fled religious and cultural persecution. Most of them decided to come to the US because of the opportunities they had heard abounded in the US. One immigrant put it well when he said, â€Å"We are in such bad shape and in need of so much that there is nothing left for us here, we must go. † Once they arrived in the US, the immigrants were seen as second class citizens by the vast majority of US citizens. As one American put it, â€Å"I can’t understand those scum, those immigrants, for they talk differently and do things differently than I do. † The flood tide of Europeans also overwhelmed the limited charitable services available at the time. One historian referred to the settlement house movement as, â€Å"effective as bailing out the ocean with a teaspoon. Immigrants emigrated to America for the opportunity to improve themselves and found horrible working and living conditions that were a large price, although it was one they were willing to pay. Immigrants came to the US because of political persecution and economic hardships at home. Some European countries persecuted certain ethnic groups for no apparent reason. For example, both Yugoslavia and France blamed Jews for their economic problems. As the French Secretary of the Treasury put it, â€Å"Those Evil Jews who befoul our towns shall not work here, for they are second. Christians shall get the right. † Jews would get beaten by the police and as a result sought political asylum in the â€Å"land of the free†, the United States. It was also extremely difficult for many to get jobs in Europe where 50% of the workers were unemployed in some countries. The main exception was England which thrived on industry as the US did. Workers were encouraged to go to the US because of pamphlets that gave such promises as â€Å"Good work, a free life, a good life for all. † The demand of factory workers was constantly growing, and immigrants decided to take their chance. As one immigrant said, â€Å"We have nothing to lose, for we have nothing. The US is our greatest and only chance. † Immigrants came to the US expecting a higher standard of living but were forced into poor living and working conditions. The vast majority of immigrants, who lived in cities, lived in tenements. These were apartment buildings that were shabbily constructed and contained extremely small apartments. Twenty four to thirty two families were packed inside these six to eight storey structures, often referred to as dumbbell buildings due to the air shaft between the buildings that made them look like dumbbells from above. The residents were highly susceptible to disease, and life expectancy was significantly lower, by about 10 years, in these areas. Up to 4,000 people lived on some city blocks. Families had one, maybe two, small rooms. They had no privacy as the walls were thin as well. As one immigrant put it, â€Å"I can’t even talk without my entire building knowing what I said, the walls are so thin. † Bathrooms were also usually outside, although around the turn of the century, some began to appear inside. Tenements were also susceptible to fires. Due to the required air shaft between buildings, the air got trapped which caused more fires. As the material that tenements were made of was very susceptible to fire, widespread fires were common. As one immigrant described it, â€Å"I watched it and as the flames struck it, the entire block seemed to go up in a flash. It was horrible. † Working conditions for the immigrants were also horrific. The immigrants generally did two kinds of work. The first were the jobs Americans wouldn†t do and the second were the unskilled jobs that almost any person, American or immigrant, could do. Immigrants were also willing to be paid less money for the same work. Immigrants were often used as strike breakers because many of them didn†t understand the concept of strikes since it wasn†t part of their culture. The immigrants saw these jobs as ones that had been abandoned and so they took them, provoking anger in Americans for â€Å"job stealing†. As Guillaume Fouchon said,†We do not strike because it challenges our honor. As well, in the old country, there were so few jobs and so many workers. † Also, immigrants misunderstood the process of striking because it was hard to organize people who spoke different languages. Immigrants also had very little in the way of political power. This was not much of a problem, however, for as one immigrant said, â€Å"I just want to succeed, and then I’ll worry about how much political power I have. † With the exception of some groups like the Irish, the immigrants had no political power at first. However, near the turn of the century, immigrant votes became a factor as they represented 15% of the voting public in New York alone. This caused the immigrants to gain increased political power through the vote. The Chinese were often called the devils of the immigrants. They were different than all the other immigrant groups because they had a different complexion. As a result, they were subject to more prejudice. The Chinese, who mainly lived and worked in California, took many railroad jobs away from the preexisting Americans. This resulted in their being stoned and having their houses burned to the ground. Such actions were supported by both major parties. As a Democratic National Committee spokesman said, â€Å"We must fight to rid the earth of the evil Chinese. † This was significant because even the â€Å"party of the immigrants†, the Democrats, were against the Chinese. Also, most Chinese, unlike most Europeans, wanted to go to the US, earn money and then go back to China. The American public resented the Chinese and labeled them as a second-class race. As a result of all this prejudice, the Chinese were largely banned from immigrating. As Robert Ingersoll said, the Chinese were not allowed to follow the national progression that benefitted earlier immigrants. Immigrants hoped that by coming to America, they could still retain their culture which they were unable to do in large part due to the education system. Immigrants hoped that they could both move up socially to the same level as the Americans as well as keep their identity intact. When they first arrived, immigrants kept their cultural identity intact by creating ethnic neighborhoods such as Little Frances or Little Italies. These were places for people of one ethnic group, or even one town or one province, to retain their cultural values. These were very prominent, with 17 little Italies in Chicago alone. It was essential for these immigrants to have these places to attempt to avoid assimilation. As Italian immigrant Verduccio Marsongeri put it, â€Å"I need my little Italy because the old country is still so important to me. † In this way, the free education given in the US to most children, American or immigrant, was a mixed blessing. While it certainly prepared immigrant children for better jobs due to better education than their parents had had, education also resulted in a loss of cultural identity. Those children who were educated in the US were instilled with American and not old country values as well as English as the primary language. This was in fact an intended consequence of the education expansion, that the immigrant children be assimilated into American culture so as to eliminate the foreign influence on the US. While immigrants certainly didn†t want their children to be assimilated into American culture, they were willing to pay the price if it meant better education. This accounted largely for the 3 fold increase in students from 7 million in 1870 to 22 million in 1920, as well as a rise in participation from 57 to 78 percent. While the doors of primary education were open, the doors of higher education remained largely closed to the immigrant. Immigrants could go to some lower tier private colleges and state universities, but not in general to the big names such as Yale, Harvard or Stanford. Yet, still it was a major improvement for now the immigrants could be educated the same as Americans. In conclusion, the immigrants came to the US in search of opportunity but found harsh conditions. The opportunity and advances the immigrants made in the US came at a large price. Factory workers were not able to move up and were forced to work in horrid conditions for low pay. Many despaired and wanted to move back, but they couldn†t due to lack of money. Many more, however, willingly stayed. The real benefits of American opportunity and culture would be passed down to the succeeding generations. Overall, the immigration from the Europe and Asia to the US was the largest in world history. As Christa Jackstone, historian, said about the affect immigrants had on the US, â€Å"Immigration in the late 19th and early 20th century really made this country because they literally built this country. As the blacks had done in the years before the Civil War, the immigrants were doing the hard work behind the scenes while other people took credit for it. † Although the immigrants themselves paid a large price, they willingly took the first steps that would benefit future generations. How to cite The nineteenth century in the US, Papers

The Paths Of Yoga Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Paths Of Yoga Essay, Research Paper ? Yoga? comes from the Sanskrit verb yui, which means to yoke or unify. It is a? brotherhood of the single consciousness with the Infinite consciousness? ( Fisher, 89 ) . The end is to unify oneself with God and the pattern of yoga is one of the waies that are taken to carry through that end. There are four chief waies of yoga: Raja is the way of physical and mental control. Karma is the way of action. Bhakti is the way of devotedness, and Jnana is the way of cognition or wisdom ( Roberts ) . Raja yoga is frequently referred to the royal way of speculation. The Hindus are more familiar with this type of yoga because it was popularized in the West ( Fisher, 89 ) . The belief of raja yoga is that the perceptual experience of the Godhead Self is obscured by the perturbations of the head. They believe that if the head can be made still and pure, so the Self will automatically and outright shine Forth. We will write a custom essay sample on The Paths Of Yoga Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The cardinal instruction of raja yoga is speculation. Absolute mental control is achieved through speculation, concentration, and take a breathing. They believe that when the head is non ungratified, they are closer to self-awareness. The physical side of yoga is known as Hatha. It teaches control of the organic structure through positions, control of external respiration, and relaxation ( Roberts ) . Karma yoga is known as the way of action. It is besides known as the way of dedicated work. Since karma is both action and the consequence of action, whether good or bad, the pattern of karma yoga? achieves brotherhood with God through the right action and selfless service? ( Roberts ) . Those who follow the karma way act without idea of wages or addition. Those who pattern bhakti yoga, follow a way of love and devotedness. This way is most popular among the Indian followings of Sanatana Dharma ( Fisher, 92 ) . The bhakta follower attains? God-realization-oneness with the Divine? through the force of love, which is the most powerful emotion that one could hold. The way of bhakta yoga involves give uping oneself to the Divine through supplication, worship, and ritual since bhakta agencies? to function the Divine? ( Roberts ) . The last way is jnana yoga and is besides known as the yoga of cognition, and is considered the most hard way to follow. Where the other waies follow the suggestions of the bosom, the jnani uses the powers of the head to know apart between the existent and the unreal. Their end is to detect knowledge concealed deep inside through inquiring, speculation, and contemplation ( Roberts ) . Harmonizing to Roberts, a individual should hold integrated the lessons of the other yogistic waies because without altruism, love of God, and the strength of organic structure and head, the hunt for self-fulfillment is nil more than an exercising in doctrine.

Rifle vs. Riffle

Rifle vs. Riffle Rifle vs. Riffle Rifle vs. Riffle By Maeve Maddox A reader has a question about the verbs rifle and riffle in relation to papers: One word I so often see misspelled in books is riffle. Authors will say,  He rifled through the papers in the file. More often than not, they do not use riffled. I even see it in bestsellers. Actually, papers may be either rifled (long i) or riffled (short i). The words possibly share an etymology with an ancestor that had such meanings as scratch, scrape, steal, and rob. In Piers Plowman (c. 1400), Langland has the allegorical character Covetousness say, â€Å"I rose when they were asleep and rifled their sacks.† Rifle can be used transitively or intransitively to mean, â€Å"make a thorough search.† Sometimes the phrasal â€Å"rifle through† is used. Crime writers (and police) often have occasion to use the verb rifle when describing the aftermath of a break-in: I sat in the black leather chair and carefully  rifled  through the junk mail, bills, and personal correspondence. A peace group in Cleveland reports a break-in of their offices. Some items of value were taken including computer disks and stamps, others were ignored and the office was rifled. The intruder rifled drawers and files but nothing appeared to have been taken. He rifled through a desk and found a security card to the building’s front door. Drawers and filing cabinets had been rifled through and left open, but no property was initially noticed to be missing. â€Å"To riffle papers† is another thing altogether. In the context of moving paper, riffle means, â€Å"to ruffle in a slight or rippling manner.† Anyone who has ever sat outside to read a newspaper or conventional book has experienced the mild annoyance of having one’s reading interrupted by a breeze: The  breeze riffled the pages  and he held them down and stared at the  drawings, which seemed to come to life on the page. Things other than paper may be riffled: Cool  breezes riffled  through Letos hair as he descended toward the warmer surface. A late-afternoon  breeze riffled  the water out beyond the  lazy  breakers and hustled some candy wrappers down the wet brown beach. A sudden  gust riffled  palm fronds overhead, but nothing else stirred. Another use of riffle is to describe the movement of flicking through papers or cards in such a way as to release the leaves or cards in rapid succession: As the  cards  are held and  riffled, the back design of the  cards  are observed.   The dealers  hands  riffled  the deck, and the  cards  made a smooth, purring noise. With rifle and riffle- as with so much else- context is all. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withPeace of Mind and A Piece of One's Mind25 Idioms About Bread and Dessert

Principles of Newtons Law of Gravity

Principles of Newtons Law of Gravity Newtons law of gravity defines the attractive force between all objects that possess mass. Understanding the law of gravity, one of the fundamental forces of physics, offers profound insights into the way our universe functions. The Proverbial Apple The famous story that Isaac Newton came up with the idea for the law of gravity by having an apple fall on his head is not true, although he did begin thinking about the issue on his mothers farm when he saw an apple fall from a tree. He wondered if the same force at work on the apple was also at work on the moon. If so, why did the apple fall to the Earth and not the moon? Along with his Three Laws of Motion, Newton also outlined his law of gravity in the 1687 book Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which is generally referred to as the Principia. Johannes Kepler (German physicist, 1571-1630) had developed three laws governing the motion of the five then-known planets. He did not have a theoretical model for the principles governing this movement, but rather achieved them through trial and error over the course of his studies. Newtons work, nearly a century later, was to take the laws of motion he had developed and applied them to planetary motion to develop a rigorous mathematical framework for this planetary motion. Gravitational Forces Newton eventually came to the conclusion that, in fact, the apple and the moon were influenced by the same force. He named that force gravitation (or gravity) after the Latin word gravitas which literally translates into heaviness or weight. In the Principia, Newton defined the force of gravity in the following way (translated from the Latin): Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the particles and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Mathematically, this translates into the force equation: FG Gm1m2/r2 In this equation, the quantities are defined as: Fg The force of gravity (typically in newtons)G The gravitational constant, which adds the proper level of proportionality to the equation. The value of G is 6.67259 x 10-11 N * m2 / kg2, although the value will change if other units are being used.m1 m1 The masses of the two particles (typically in kilograms)r The straight-line distance between the two particles (typically in meters) Interpreting the Equation This equation gives us the magnitude of the force, which is an attractive force and therefore always directed toward the other particle. As per Newtons Third Law of Motion, this force is always equal and opposite. Newtons Three Laws of Motion give us the tools to interpret the motion caused by the force and we see that the particle with less mass (which may or may not be the smaller particle, depending upon their densities) will accelerate more than the other particle. This is why light objects fall to the Earth considerably faster than the Earth falls toward them. Still, the force acting on the light object and the Earth is of identical magnitude, even though it doesnt look that way. It is also significant to note that the force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects. As objects get further apart, the force of gravity drops very quickly. At most distances, only objects with very high masses such as planets, stars, galaxies, and black holes have any significant gravity effects. Center of Gravity In an object composed of many particles, every particle interacts with every particle of the other object. Since we know that forces (including gravity) are vector quantities, we can view these forces as having components in the parallel and perpendicular directions of the two objects. In some objects, such as spheres of uniform density, the perpendicular components of force will cancel each other out, so we can treat the objects as if they were point particles, concerning ourselves with only the net force between them. The center of gravity of an object (which is generally identical to its center of mass) is useful in these situations. We view gravity and perform calculations as if the entire mass of the object were focused at the center of gravity. In simple shapes - spheres, circular disks, rectangular plates, cubes, etc. - this point is at the geometric center of the object. This idealized model of gravitational interaction can be applied in most practical applications, although in some more esoteric situations such as a non-uniform gravitational field, further care may be necessary for the sake of precision. Gravity Index Newtons Law of GravityGravitational FieldsGravitational Potential EnergyGravity, Quantum Physics, General Relativity Introduction to Gravitational Fields Sir Isaac Newtons law of universal gravitation (i.e. the law of gravity) can be restated  into  the form of a  gravitational field, which can prove to be a useful means of looking at the situation. Instead of calculating the forces between two objects every time, we instead say that an object with mass creates a gravitational field around it. The gravitational field is defined as the force of gravity at a given point divided by the mass of an object at that point. Both  g  and  Fg  have arrows above them, denoting their  vector nature. The source mass  M  is now capitalized. The  r  at the end of the rightmost two formulas has a carat (^) above it, which means that it is a  unit vector  in the direction from the source point of the mass  M. Since the vector points away from the source while the force (and field) are directed toward the source, a negative is introduced to make the vectors point in the correct direction. This equation depicts a  vector field  around  M  which is always directed toward it, with a value equal to an objects gravitational acceleration within the field. The units of the gravitational field are m/s2. Gravity Index Newtons Law of GravityGravitational FieldsGravitational Potential EnergyGravity, Quantum Physics, General Relativity When an object moves in a gravitational field,  work  must be done to get it from one place to another (starting point 1 to  endpoint  2). Using calculus, we take the integral of the force from the starting position to the end position. Since the gravitational constants and the masses remain constant, the integral turns out to be just the integral of 1 /  r2  multiplied by the constants. We define the gravitational potential energy,  U, such that  W  Ã‚  U1  -  U2. This yields the equation to the right, for the Earth (with mass  mE. In some other gravitational field,  mE  would be replaced with the appropriate mass, of course. Gravitational Potential Energy on Earth On the Earth, since we know the quantities involved, the gravitational potential energy  U  can be reduced to an equation in terms of the mass  m  of an object, the acceleration of gravity (g   9.8 m/s), and the distance  y  above the coordinate origin (generally the ground in a gravity problem). This simplified  equation  yields  gravitational potential energy  of: U  Ã‚  mgy There are some other details of applying  gravity on the Earth, but this is the relevant fact with regards to gravitational potential energy. Notice that if  r  gets bigger (an object goes higher), the gravitational potential energy increases (or becomes less negative). If the object moves lower, it gets closer to the Earth, so the gravitational potential energy decreases (becomes more negative). At an infinite difference, the gravitational potential energy goes to zero. In general, we really only care about the  difference  in the potential energy when an object moves in the gravitational field, so this negative value isnt a concern. This formula is applied in energy calculations within a gravitational field.  As a form of energy, gravitational potential energy is subject to  the law of conservation of energy. Gravity Index: Newtons Law of GravityGravitational FieldsGravitational Potential EnergyGravity, Quantum Physics, General Relativity Gravity   General Relativity When Newton presented his theory of gravity, he had no mechanism for how the force worked. Objects drew each other across giant gulfs of empty space, which seemed to go against everything that scientists would expect. It would be over two centuries before a theoretical framework would adequately explain  why  Newtons theory actually worked. In his  Theory of General Relativity,  Albert Einstein  explained gravitation as the curvature of spacetime around any mass. Objects with greater mass caused greater curvature, and thus exhibited greater gravitational pull. This has been supported by research that has shown light actually curves around massive objects such as the sun, which would be predicted by the theory since space itself curves at that point and light will follow the simplest path through space. Theres greater detail to the theory, but thats the major point. Quantum Gravity Current efforts in  quantum physics  are attempting to unify all of the  fundamental forces of physics  into one unified force which manifests in different ways. So far, gravity is proving the greatest hurdle to incorporate into the unified theory. Such a  theory of quantum gravity would finally  unify  general relativity with quantum  mechanics into a single, seamless and elegant view that all of  nature  functions under one fundamental type of particle interaction. In the field of  quantum gravity, it is theorized that there exists a  virtual particle  called a  graviton  that mediates the gravitational  force because that is how the other three fundamental forces operate (or one force, since they have been, essentially, unified together already). The graviton has not, however, been experimentally observed. Applications of Gravity This article has addressed the fundamental principles of gravity. Incorporating gravity into kinematics and mechanics calculations is pretty easy, once you understand how to interpret  gravity on the surface of the Earth. Newtons major goal was to explain planetary motion. As mentioned earlier,  Johannes Kepler  had devised three laws of  planetary motion  without the use of Newtons law of gravity. They are, it turns out, fully consistent and one can prove all of Keplers Laws by applying Newtons theory of universal gravitation.